Chemical Structures Starting with the Letter X

Stylistic Features in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin...

The Story of an Hour Authors of literary work have always employed stylistic devices to pass their message, Kate Chopin was no exception. She employs a number of styles in her book, the story of an Hour. Just like any author she achieves storytelling in a simple and straight forward manner. Some of the stylistic devices she uses are: description, internal monologue, authorial intrusion contrast, figurative expressions, symbolism among others. This paper discusses the use of stylistic features in passing the message to the readers, with considerations to the plot, the themes present and how each was achieved. For instance, descriptions dominate the whole passage. The paper seeks to examine its significance to the whole†¦show more content†¦In a simplified and clear way, she takes the readers through what Mrs. Mallards husband’s friend, Mr. Richard broke the news first after reading the newspaper on the deadly rail accident that claimed lives of, among others, Mr Mallard. Thus, the sadistic mood and the theme of death are introduced. This is what is called personal transaction in the writing world (ZInsser). He further ontinue s to say thatgood writing has aliveness that keeps the reader reading. This is exactly what Kate does in expressing herself. Figurative expressions. Just like any fiction writer, Kate employs figurative language to make her story relevant,siplmle and conversant to most readers. She uses a number of expresisions to convey the sorrtowful message in a clear way. In the expression the storm of grief, Kate tells readers that the emotional trauma Mrs mallard underwent was heartbreaking as the storm.speaking of the charactyeristics of the storm, violence, terror, unexpected invasion and shock are the emotions that comes out. Further, this brings in another style, use of metaphors. The storm is a metaphor used to describe violent and terror situations as expressed earlier in the characteristics of the storm. While writers differ in their choice of figurative language, writers likeShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Advocacy For Equal Rights1563 Words   |  7 Pagesissue with a high relevancy to society today. Kate Chopin was the one of the first feminist American authors, and even if she did not have a direct role in the movement itself, she believed in the core principles of it and wrote feministically in her stories. Kate Chopin’s expressive and realistic style was heavily influenced by her exposure to feminine feelings and experiences throughout her lifetime. Chopin led an average life. From an early age, Chopin was surrounded by many strong, independentRead MoreTheme Comparison3403 Words   |  14 PagesTheme Comparison: The Necklace amp; The Story of an Hour A short story, â€Å"The Necklace† (â€Å"La parure†) by Guy de Maupassant in 1884 and a poem, ‘The Story of an Hour† written by Kate Chopin in 1894 are literary works that are very comparable yet are different. The two women, Madame Mathilde Loisel and Louise Mallard, portrayed in these literary works are protagonists who have trouble because of conflicting expectations imposed on them by society. Both Mathilde Loisel and Louise Mallard want somethingRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening2531 Words   |  11 PagesDress to Impress Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening depicts sexual affairs, inner struggles, and the conquest of motherhood that most women face today. The conquest of motherhood involves the battle between being a supportive wife and selfless mother. The story revolves around the characters’ dialogue and appearances described beautifully throughout the novel by Kate Chopin. The story is a familiar one that, sadly, most women can relate to: A woman is married without knowing what true love is. HerRead MoreStylistic Potential of the English Noun16714 Words   |  67 PagesSTYLISTIC POTENTIAL OF THE ENGLISH NOUN Table of Contents Introduction -3 Chapter One. Stylistic resources of grammatical units on the basis of the English Noun -6 1.1 Functions of the language and connotative meanings -7 1.2 Grammatical Stylistics and Stylistic Grammar -9 1.3 The meaning of the grammatical form -10 1.4 Noun in different functional styles -10 1.5 Stylistic potential of the English noun -11 1.5.1 StylisticRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 PagesThe Short Story. Basic Literary Elements of The Short Story. 1.1.History of The Development of The Short Story. 1.1.1.Early Forms.Origins. The short story refers to a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, usually in narrative format. This format or medium tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas (in the 20th and 21st century sense) and novels or books. Short story definitions based upon length differ somewhat even among professional writers

Rethink Relationships Between Vocational -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Rethink Relationships Between Vocational? Answer: Introduction The sole purpose of skill development facilitation is to provide proper planning, implementation and training to the employees of an organization. Skill development facilitation in an operations is crucial since it enhances the skills of both the employees and the employers in an organization by developing an effective Workplace Skills Plan. In South Africa, the Education, Training and Development Practices Sector, Education and Training Authority is working on promoting and facilitating the improvement and development of the skills of the employees and employers in the workplace. SWOT Analysis of the company Strengths: Quality of the facilities offered, reputation of the organization. Weaknesses: Gaps in knowledge and skills of the employees, financial issues, management and leadership issues. Opportunities: Strategic alliances and acquisitions, taking advantages of new trends. Loss of major consumers. Several Critical Cross Cultural Field Outcomes (CCFOs) are applied by us to enhance the skills of employers and employees of South African Organization. The first CCFO that is applied by us includes identification and solving issues faced by the organization. Being a team of Skill development facilitators, our team has faced several problems associated with organizing and planning of learning opportunities and various difficulties of the learners (Allais 2012). Some of the issues identified are lack of departmental skill plans, poor understanding and awareness about Human Resource Development (HRD) policies among the employees, poor skill development practicing, inefficient functioning of consultative committees and poor support by stakeholders. In order to solve the issues with the knowledge of employees, effective training needs to be provided. Proper learning and training should be provided to the managers of the organization in order to deal with lack of organizational plan. We n eed to create ideal workplace environment for active participation of the stakeholders. This CCFO not only enhance my knowledge about organizational issues but enhance my skill of solving organizational problem. The second CCFO applied includes effectively analyze, design and deliver the ETD strategies in South African Organizations, it is important for each one of us to maintain the unity of our team. In order to analyze the issues, we conduct interviews with managers, supervisors and employees. Then a draft is created from the information collected. Once the gaps of the organization are obtained, training and occupational knowledge is provided in order to feel up the gaps (Hynes 2012). In order to perform the above mentioned tasks effectively, we require the cooperation of the employees and the employers of the organization. The basic function of a skills development facilitator involves assisting the employers and the employee to develop a Workplace Skills Plan (WSP) and submit the plan to the relevant SETA. This CCFO enable me to understand the importance of working as a team. Thus I will be able to apply this knowledge in my future practice. Thirdly, we applied the CCFO that includes teaching both the employers and employees to manage and organize their responsibilities effectively (Boese 2013). For this, we provide both online and offline training to the employees. Conduction of training imposes positive impact on our practice as it enables us to understand the various issues faced by the employees to properly understand the training. This in turn, enables us to eradicate the issues during future implementation of issues. Fourthly we implement the CCFO that involves collection, organization and evaluation of the information. Another CCFO implemented by us includes communication with the employees with the help of both visual and mathematical modes of communication. Therefore we need to collect, analyze and organize the information obtained from interviewing the staffs and then critically evaluate strategies in order to create the perfect Workplace Skill Plan. While visual methods of communication involves showing documentaries and Power Point demonstrations, mathematical communication involves showing statistical data and graphs (Simons and Buitendach 2013). In order to understand the effectiveness of the training, we give and receive constant feedback to and from the employees. Apart from this, advanced technologies are also used for training purposes (Navimipour and Zareie 2015). We provide both online and offline trainings to the employees so that they can have access to the training materials when ever needed. One of the crucial benefits of providing online training is that online training allows us to customize training based on each employees needs and preferences. This service provided by us enable us learn about the different type of implementations of technologies in training. This knowledge will help us to use to use these technologies effectively in future. Thus it can be concluded that effective training provided to the managers, supervisors and employees of an organization enhances the overall profit of that organization. Education, training and development practices do have a highly positive impact on skill development of both the employees and employers within the occupational field. The necessity of ETD in an organization is evidenced when performance appraisal indicates the requirement of employee training. Effective ETD enhances the morale job satisfaction among both the employers and the employees. It also enhances employee motivation. Apart from this, the organization also gets benefited due to the enhancement of efficiency of the employees resulting in financial gain. Reference List: Allais, S., 2012. Will skills save us? Rethinking the relationships between vocational education, skills development policies, and social policy in South Africa.International Journal of Educational Development,32(5), pp.632-642. Boese, T., Cato, M., Gonzalez, L., Jones, A., Kennedy, K., Reese, C., Decker, S., Franklin, A.E., Gloe, D., Lioce, L. and Meakim, C., 2013. Standards of best practice: Simulation standard V: Facilitator.Clinical Simulation in Nursing,9(6), pp.S22-S25. Hynes, G.E., 2012. Improving employees interpersonal communication competencies: A qualitative study.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), pp.466-475. Navimipour, N.J. and Zareie, B., 2015. A model for assessing the impact of e-learning systems on employees satisfaction.Computers in Human Behavior,53, pp.475-485. Simons, J.C. and Buitendach, J.H., 2013. Psychological capital, work management and organisational commitment amongst call centre employees in South Africa.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,39(2), pp.1-12.

Scottish Dance Essay Example

Scottish Dance Essay Scotland has a culture, and a deep-rooted tradition of music, song and dance. This can be asserted by discussing the Ceilidh, which is an evening full of dance, songs and no doubt drinking good whisky. In the Ceilidh, the Scottish country dance is performed, which can be enjoyed by people in any way what so ever, whether formal or informal. Country dances are extremely genial and enjoyable. Because of this very feature which makes them attractive to people belonging to all the parts of the world and perhaps the only reason why it is extremely easy for a person to find Scottish country dance groups in any part of the world. Scottish country dancing, which is also known as SCD and even called â€Å"reeling† is a kind of dance for social purposes. The dance is basically a modern form of the country dance that was previously very famous in the eighteenth century across England and Scotland. (Brinson 33) Scottish Country Dance is the customary communal dance of Scotland. The dances are poised of accurate footwork and arrangements that are set in a dissimilar series for each dance. The music varies from vigorous reels and jigs to the strathspey, which is a kind of music that is found nowhere in the world except Scotland. (Hood 94)All of the Scottish dances; the Scottish country dance in particular is done in well-organized formations that are generally known as â€Å"sets†.   These sets are usually made up of around three or four couples, even though certain dances require far more people which comes to around six or more couples. The couple formations are more often than usual mixed, even though men dance with men and women dance with women, though this depends on the gathering. The most common shape is the longwise shape, where the couples stand side by side in the formation of all the men on one side, facing all the women on the other side, with his man facing his partner. The man on the far left side and his partner are known as either the first o r the top couple and the formation is such that the first couple is nearest to the band or what ever source of music is being used. Longer lines are formed when the hall is big. (Flett and Flett 56) Other types of sets are also there, but those are very rare and include the triangular sets, square sets as well as the round-the-room dances.Scottish country dances are divided into various categorie such as reels, jigs, strathspeys and are categorised on the basis of the kind of music on which they are performed. The first two names of dances that are mentioned are generally called quick-time dances, because of the fact that they have tempos along with very fast movements and a very lively beat. The third dance that has been mentioned features a very slow tempo along with formal, stately feel. The   Scottish country dances, are pretty much unlike the usual English country dances which involve walking steps; Scottish country dances on the other hand include special attention to be pai d on the footwork which depends on the choreography of the dance.While performing a Scottish country dace, much attention as mentioned previously is paid to the foot work and the position of the feet while performing certain steps is taken into consideration. Steps that are performed extremely well at times impress everyone for their complexity, but in real it is the time, dedication and the fitness of the person that actually make it very easy to perform. As the country dance has become a kind of pastime for the Scottish people, the dance community and the people have stopped paying much attention to such matters and now anyone who can not perform well during the dance is not discriminated against as compared to those who have mastered the steps. It is such a pastime, that at times the soul purpose of dancing is to just have fun and only a minimum amount of people pay much attention to details and the perfection of the dance, while the others just wish to have fun.Another important factor which is considered after the footwork is the time and space location. This means that one has to ensure that he/she is standing at the right location at the right time. It is imperative to note that one should not be standing in the way of the other dancers and should be in place at the right time to perform steps that include other dancers as well. The term   phrasing, is used to define the performance of a figure which is perfectly timed with the music, where as the term â€Å"covering† refers to the movement of an umber of dancers in unison. It is said that, when country dancing was introduced in Scotland in the eighteenth century, it gained immense popularity in places such as Edinburgh, and then continued to move through various parts of Scotland even though other kinds of dances such as Waltz, One-step etc were gaining popularity in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The Scottish coutry dancing has been extremely influenced by other traditional Scottish da nces such as the Highland reels and because of this they still tend to have a very Scottish look to them.HistoryScottish country dancing gained immense popularity during the eighteenth century, when it was popular and performed mostly in the top-class areas of England, though back then it was not known as â€Å"Scottish† and was plain called â€Å"Country Dancing†. This form of dancing was introduced in Scotland by the most powerful members of the society along with the well-to-do people, who wished to keep on doing the things that they liked and the things that were introduced to them in well-to-do places. (McConachie, p. 24) This was the time when dance publishers, like PlayFord were in high demand and were publishing dance manuals which provided people with the information about the most popular dances as well as the introduction of new dances so as to put up with the ever increasing demand for country dancing. Back in those days, a number of publications were broug ht around, even if they were not original although most of them were famous for their own merits. By the nineteenth century, country dancing became extremely well-known and famous in Scotland and reached it though Lowlands, even though modern forms of dances were taking over as well such as the qudrilles and other couple dances such as the waltz in England.Back in the eighteenth century, nothing by the name of â€Å"Scottish† dancing exisred. Books which held information about Scottish dancing, but they only covered topics about dances that were could be choreographed to a Scottish tune and that was what was called a Scottish dancprevious Scottish social dances such as the Highland reel. Here it is necessary to note that country dances that had the rell-style formations had been very popular by the end of the eighteenth century. In the beginning of the twentieth century, Scottish country dance played a major role in the social entertainment, in the rural parts of Scotland in particular, though, considering the fact that the number of dances that were taught to students had gone down a considerable amount and only a few were taught. Here, it is necessary to note that country dance faced a lot of danger because of this condition. In the year 1923, a â€Å"society† which came to be known as the Scottish Country Dance Society (SCDS) came into being in Glasgow so as to serve the purpose of preserving country dances the way that they were danced in Scotland.The SCDS started to collect and print the dances that were previously shunned aside and the society also began reinterpreting the dances from older sources that were no longer being paid any attention to. While carrying out this task, the society made a mistake by standardizing the dances, which somehow differ from each other because of the place where it was collected in Scotland and this was done so in order to preseve it. This as mentioned was a mistake, but somehow it played an effective role in setting the grounds for universal compatibility between dancers belonging to different countries across the world. The steps taken by SCDS brought about much fame to it and it influenced the way dances were taught at school and because of the society it was made necessary to taught at least a minimum of Scottish country dance while they are at school. This scoeity, after achieving Royal patronage in the year 1947, came to be known as the Royal Scottish Country Dance Soceity or RSCDS.After the SCDS came into being, a number of people started coming up with dances of their own, which had hints of the previous dances in them with a blend of new steps. After so many years now, there are nearly eleven thousand dances, out of which ten thousand are modern dances. People can come up with their own dances in whatever way they want. Here it is necessary to note that even though the history of Scottish country dance goes back nearly three centuries, it is still a present concern. Contemporar y Scottish country dance has come around since the beginning of the 1700s and it has not at all been modernised, and some even say that with this invention of new dances and concepts, which appear all the time, the traditional dances somehow find their way into the new ones and, â€Å"the ongoing evolution has also given Scottish country dancing a lot of life and people feel much less guilt or hesitation about altering a dance for the purposes of demonstrations, and also borrowing ideas for their own dances.† (Clowes and Donald 82) In the current times, Scottish country dance is not limited to Scotland only, but has found its way in nearly all the parts of the world including Britain, Europe, Canada, United States of America, Australia, New Zealand etc. The dance is at times even found in countries like Russia, Russia, South Africa, Argentina, Hong Kong and so on and it can easily be said that Scottish country dance does not face any danger what so ever of being extinct now.P urposeThe people of Scotland, because of their inherent love of music and joviality, have always enjoyed and have also loved to dance. Country Dance was in all probability first danced in Scotland right in the beginning of the eighteenth century. Using individual characteristics from Scotlands conventional Highland music and dance, Scottish country dance developed into Scotlands own in the course of an evolutionary progression that covered nearly three hundred years. If truth be told, a person can go through the tapestry of Scottish history and tradition by means of her country dances and the music and proceedings that have enthused them.All forms of Scottish country dance are performed for purely social basis. (Flett and Flett 29) As it is said that while have social traditions, the Scottish country dance which has its roots going back to several centuries. Performers or the participants of the dance are arranged into groups of three, four or max five and that too in two lines with the men facing the women or in a square and both of these lines work with each other so as to perform a number of steps and formations. The formations are performed in such a way that eventually, the performers would return to their original places. A vast number of groups perform the dances for competition at times. Even though some of the most basic steps of Scottish country dancing are easy to pick up, but the technique is now sharpened to such a level that is has now turned into a very athletic, ballet type of dance even though a number of dancers do not perceive it as such.A vast number of Scottish country dances are what is called â€Å"progressive†, which means that every single couple is given the chance to perform as the top couple or the active couple with the most attention. This is done so in a way in which after the first repitition of the steps the couples move in a way by which they end up in a completely different place in their set. The number of repititions , in order to carry out the mentioned â€Å"progressive† step are adjusted to fit to the number of dancers in the group. The figures and setup of modern Scottish country dances, have although been taken from a history of nearly three hundred years, which makes it extremely difficult to generalize it because of the fact that a number of dance include ideas out the traditional thinking such as the change of the partner at every new turn of the dance, â€Å"the palindromic structure (the sequence of figures is similar seen from the end to the beginning as it is seen from the beginning to the end), fugues (the sequence of figures for each couple is intricately intertwined to resemble the structure of a musical fugue) and others† (McConachie   42). The constant traidition of dance styles being played with is extraordinary, even though the results at times are not what a person expects them to be.ClassificationThe Scottish country dancing can be classified as a social danc e, as has been mentioned previously. It is said that, â€Å"SCD is social dancing. Hence interaction with ones partner and the other dancers, such as smiling and giving hands, is an essential part of SCD, and for those who want to there are usually lots of opportunity for relaxed flirting†(Brinson 108). Scottish country dances are a combined effort of the entire team and attempts made so as to glorify ones self by using beautification and adornments are usually looked down upon by the people. They believe that extra people are perfectly well, but only when the time and the plaace are right and extras should stay aside when less experienced dancers are performing so as to avoid confusion on their part.   The dance are extremely social and provide people with a chance to dance with a variety of people through out the night. It is customary to keep on changing partners, and partners are changed on every new dance, which is an example of just how social these dances are. This h elps the people in making new friends, getting to know more people and that too in a very friendly environment. All the partners, even if they are strangers to each other must maintain eye contact and a smile. On average, a set consists of nearly six to ten people, which shows that a person dances with at least five different people in a single night. (Clowes and Donald 104)Miscellaneous InformationIn current times, the term Scottish country dance clinches the societal, characteristically progressive, dances of Scotland that have developed from many customs and are danced all the way through the world with much satisfaction by people of Scotland and even those who do not belong to Scotland. For their costumes, while dancing, women wear white dresses along with a tartan scarf that is pinned on to their left shoulder. Men dress in a white shirt along with a tie, kilt, sporan, buckle and long socks. The socks usually have a colored mark showing which is attached to the enclosed garter. The sporan is big and is ornamented with a purse lynching from the strap over the navel.   The kilt is usually made of tartan cloth, which is soft in front and comprehensively pleated at the back. The men have to pin their kilts on the right hand side. If a lady wishes to wear a kilt, she has to pin it on the left hand. This handedness is taken into consideration because of the reverse buttoning of shirts and coats by the women and the men belonging to the Western culture. (Hood 124)Special laced dancing pumps are worn by both men and women. The usage of these is a controversial topic of history. When one takes up history, we find that around the year 1914, men used to wear obvious leather dancing shoes, and the women used to put on slippers that had an ankle strap that too with a one inch. History shows that the light pumps that are worn today for dancing were started to be used in the nineteenth century and that too by exhibition Highland Dancers. Anyone and everyone who wishes to dance can join in and enjoy the festivities. The people who have past experience in dancing are the one who are expected o dance no matter what the occasion is, but the less-experienced dancers are also encouraged to attempt and no discrimination is made against those who cannot perform the steps perfectly. (Emmerson 48) Make up and other body-ornaments are not considered as very important and are never used by people as they only concentrate on the dresses. But, now-a-days it is necessary to note, that this concentration on the dresses while dancing is fading away. Most of the men and women, who dance today, usually just wear semi-formal dresses and can be seen dancing in a suit while the women wear a dress, which is pretty much unlike the kilts and plaid dresses.ConclusionIn the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that Scottish country dancing is a contemporary form of the previous country dancing that was well-liked in England and it came to Scotland in the eighteenth century. The dance is such that it is comprised of various groups of people (nearly six to ten), usually of opposite and this is what is referred to as a set. The set dances to different tunes and strains of reels, jigs and strathspey, which are played on the fiddle, accordion, flute, keyboard, drums, etc. They have certain costumes that are to be worn by the men and women while dancing. Much attention in the Scottish country dance is paid to the footwork. Some people are very critical and strict about perfect footwork, but some have started ignoring the footwork and people who do not have much experience of the dance are not discriminated against anymore. The dance is a social activity which enables the people to get to know more and more people. Everyone can dance and the less-experienced dancers are usually encouraged to perform so as to hone their skills. One does not remain with a single partner while dancing, as the people are encouraged to change their partners wit h every new step, which enhances the social feature of the dance. The Scottish Country Dance Society, known as SCDS came into being so as to preserve Scottish country dancing when it was near to being extinct as many modern forms of dances were taking over and most the Scottish dances were fading away.;

The Physics Of Golf Essay Example For Students

The Physics Of Golf Essay As anyone who has played a round of golf will attest to, the sport is based around many fundamental principals of physics. These basic laws are involved with every aspect of the game from how a player swings the club to how the ball moves through the air on its way toward the pin. It is the challenge that physics presents to the golfer that has allowed the game, and equipment used, to develop so drastically over the past one hundred years. The first golf balls used were called featheries. They were made with a horsehide cover packed with wet goose feathers. When the balls dried they became extremely hard. The major flaw with the featheries was that they could not be used when the conditions were wet because they would soften again. Despite the flaw of the featheries, they remained the only ball used up until the middle of the 19th century when the revolutionary gutta-percha ball was invented. The new ball, sometimes referred to as a ?guttie?, was molded from the warmed, dried gum of the sapodilla tree. These balls were cheap to manufacture and opened up the game of golf to a more diverse socio-economic group. This in turn made the game of golf very popular, which led to dramatic improvements in golf balls in the next decades. In 1900 a unique event occurred. Some claim that it can be called the first professional sports endorsement. The Spalding Company paid Englands Harry Vardon a considerable sum of money to come to the United States to demonstrate what he could do in winning tournaments using the latest ball design. He won the U.S. Open using the new rubber-wound Haskell ball. This led to another major revolution in the design of the golf ball. Not only was this ball cheap to manufacture, but also it could be hit farther than any other ball previously used. The Haskell ball was such a success that it was not until 1968 that the two-piece balls of today emerged in the market. Obviously a lot of time, effort, research, and money were put forth into the development of the golf ball, as it is manufactured today. The reason for this ongoing process is to help a golfer use some laws of physics to his advantage (i.e. placing spin on the ball to create lift) while finding a work around for other physical properties that can be detrimental to a players golf game (i.e. drag which causes the ball to slow down and fly closer to the ground). When examining the physics, which surrounds the game of golf, one must carefully consider all aspects of the game, not just the golf ball or even just the equipment being used. The stroke is by far the most important aspect to any participants round of golf. Among the scientific community, an event, such as the golf stroke, is thought of as a dynamic process using the physical principals of mechanics based on Newtons Laws of motion. The stroke is actually three separate events; the swing of the club, the impact of the club head with the ball, and the flight of the ball toward the target. It is the sum of these three parts that makes a successful stroke. Before delving into the details of the golf stroke, it is important for one to consider the general concepts of motion that control the swing of the golf club. Two men are most influential in this area of study, Galileo Galilee and Isaac Newton. It is the principles of these two men that will be used during the discussion of the physics of golf. A brief explanation of momentum, moment of inertia, torque, centripetal force, and centrifugal force can be located in ?Appendix 4?. These terms were derived from the experiments and research of first Galileo, and then expanded upon by Newton. Although neither of these two men are solely responsible for all of the physical principals presented in this paper, Galileo and Newton were two of the most influential men in these areas of study. We will write a custom essay on The Physics Of Golf specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When a scientist attempts to explain something, he or she always develops a model to work with. In the case of the golf stroke, it has become evident that comparing such an action to the snapping of a whip lends itself nicely to a deeper understanding. The model appropriate to the study of a whip, such as a bullwhip, would be a large number of small rods with flexible connections. This is important to understanding how the whip works. At the start of the motion, as the hand moves the handle of the whip, the momentum of the whip increases. The hand exerts a force on the whip handle for a time, producing, according to Newtons Second Law, an increase of momentum. This force moving the whip handle a few feet also does work on the whip, giving it kinetic energy. When the hand stops, the whip exerts a force on the hand, and this force in turn decreases the momentum of parts of the whip. Thus, momentum is not conserved because a force acts and there is no displacement because the hand remai ns still. During the stroke, successive parts of the whip are stopped, and the kinetic energy of these parts is fed into the successively smaller and smaller sections of the whip. The kinetic energy of a body depends on its mass and the square of its velocity according to the equation KE = ? m v2. Therefore, at the start of the stroke, the total mass of the whip is moving with a moderate speed. Toward the end of the stroke, a much smaller mass must be moving at a much higher speed to have the same kinetic energy. This is shown to be true by the cracking of the whip, or the sonic shockwave the tip of the whip sends out. Although it may not seem possible, a human swinging a golf club works in a very similar manner to the whip. First, one must consider where the energy for the stroke comes from. In the whip it obviously came from the muscles in the arm. However, when swinging a golf club, much more energy is required, in fact it has been estimated that the amount of energy transferred into the golf ball during impact is about two horsepower. Because muscle generates approximately 1/8th horsepower per pound, it would take about 32lbs of fully loaded muscle to generate enough energy to produce two horsepower. If however the muscle is not suitably loaded, then more then 32lbs of muscle would be needed. If that seems to the reader to be a lot of muscle, their assumption is correct; that is a lot of muscle. The average person does not have that much muscle in their arms. Instead they must rely on the much larger muscles in their back and legs. The person uses their body to transfer the energy from these muscles into their arms. The explanation of how this is done can be found in ?Appendix 3? of this paper. It shows a graph of the five torques which work on the arms during the swing. This is the first aspect of how the whip works; the transferring of energy. When interviewed, several professional golfers, including Sam Snead, Tommy Amour, Cary Middlecoff and Frank Bea rd, although unable to give the scientific reasons behind their down stroke, stated in one form or another, that ?the left shoulder pulls the left arm?. The scientific explanation of what they stated is that as the horizontal pull of the left shoulder on the left arm produces a positive angular acceleration to help with the downswing. This shows clearly that the energy is transferred from the body into the arms and subsequently down the shaft of the golf club and into the ball. The way this energy was calculated was through the use of a computer program. It was setup so that it gave the total kinetic energy of the arms and the club and the kinetic energy of each of them separately. This can be seen by curves A, B, and C in appendix 1 (please refer to the explanation at the bottom of the graph for an explanation of the curves). A fourth curve, D, was also graphed. This curve shows that work done by the golfer as a function of the downswing angle as he applies the torque on his arms. To skip ahead to the point, the total kinetic energy of the system when the club head makes contact with the ball comes 71% from the work TS * a(i), 13% from the decrease in the potential energy of the system, and 16% from the work down on the system in the shift of the golfer toward the target. The total kinetic energy is very important to ones game of golf. According to the conservation of momentum principal, with any given club and any given ball, the speed of the ball depends directly on the speed of the club head. Therefore it is necessary to use the large muscles of the body to generate the necessary club head speed (about 100mph) needed to hit the ball far enough in order to approach the possibility of playing par golf. The chart below demonstrates how ones game would be affected if they were not able to generate enough club head speed. Assuming that the golfer is able to sink each of his puts, the first example reveals that if the golfer were only able to drive the ball 160 yards, he would lose 15 strokes because of his lack of distance off the tee. As his driving distance increases, the number of strokes the golfer would loose decreases until he is able to drive the ball 230 yards (or hit the ball with a club head traveling about 100mph). Yards 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230Stroke Lost to par 15 12 9 7 5 3 1 0The physics surrounding a game of golf is not just based on the swing as shown above. While 50% of the game of golf is the stroke used to hit the ball, the other 50% of the game is how the ball travels through the air toward the pin. Because the flight of the ball cannot be controlled with the same precision by the golfer that he can control his swing with, many developments have been made toward creating an ideal golf ball. Just looking back as few as 50 years one can see the tremendous affect physics has played on the design of the golf ball. First, it was discovered that worn golf balls tended to stay in the air longer because their uneven surface caused a greater spin as the ball passed through the air at a high velocity. Later it was determined that dimples on the golf ball serve the same purpose, and not only that, improve on the affect first observed by the ware and tare on the original golf balls. In the past 5 years, golf balls are being manufactured with three different sized dimples placed in strategic locations on the ball. This allows the ball to remain in the air as long as possible while sacrificing as little energy to overcoming drag as possible. .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c , .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .postImageUrl , .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c , .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:hover , .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:visited , .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:active { border:0!important; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:active , .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14ee81ddd83b96a4a154a610b9428b4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights EssayAs demonstrated by any golfer who can hit a ball in a straight line, the aerodynamic forces at work on a golf ball are what make the flight of the ball so unique. If one were to stand behind a golfer and watch the flight of the golf ball, that person would not see a parabolic arch as one might expect. Instead, the ball will appear to climb in a straight line for a few seconds and then begin to fall back to earth slowly. According to Newtons First Law (a body continues in a straight line at a constant speed unless a force acts on it) the observed path of the ball does not seem possible. As the designer of the golf ball would be quick to p oint out, it is the aerodynamic force on the dimpled, spinning, ball, traveling at a high speed, that was balancing the vertical force of gravity which caused non uniform motion in the path of the balls flight. British scientist, P.G. Tait, performed the first experiments done with the aerodynamics of a golf ball in 1887. Professor Tait showed through his studies the importance of spin on the flight of the golf ball. He states that in his youth he was taught, ?all spin is detrimental?. He practiced vigorously to hit a ball virtually spin free. After completing his research, Tait wrote, ?I understand it now, too late by 35 years at least?. What Tait was referring to was the importance of spin on a golf ball. He and his son performed experiments where, ?we fastened one end of a long untwisted tape to the ball and the other to the ground, and induced a good player to drive the ball (perpendicularly to the tape) into a stiff clay face a yard or two off, we find the tape is always twiste d; no doubt to different amounts by different players?say from 40 to 120 or so turns per second. The fact is indisputable.? Professor Tait clearly states that a ball driven with spin about a horizontal axis with the top of the ball coming toward the golfer has a lifting force on it that keeps the ball in the air much longer than would be possible without spin. What the scientist was observing was the competing affects of lift and drag. While it is possible to generate equations and solutions for different swings and velocities and come up with an optimum ratio of lift to drag, it has been stated that it is better for the individual golfer to discover this for himself because not every swing is the same. Research has shown that a larger spin produces a larger drag, which makes the ball slow down more rapidly and thus decreases the distance it travels, but a larger spin produces more lift, which keeps the ball in the air for a longer time and thus allows it to fly father. An experienc ed golfer knows that the force of lift will superceded the force of drag, however it is left up to the individual to find their own balance between these two forces. The next logical step in the explanation of the physics surrounding a game of golf is to relate the two aspects just discussed. The following text is an explanation of what happens between the time when the energy of the swing is transferred into the club and the flight of the ball; or more specifically how the collision between the club head and the ball transfers spin and energy into the ball. First, the collision must be considered. During the collision between the club head and the ball, several things happen. The club head is slowed down, and the ball is sent off with a high speed at some angle above the horizontal with a high rate of spin. This all happens in less than a thousandth of a second while the club head moves less than an inch. Such a short time makes it extremely difficult to observe what is happening during the collision. The force between the ball and the club head averaged over the time of the collision is greater than 3000lb and high speed photography has shown the ball to be considerably flattened against the club head. The elastic properties of the ball come into place at this point because it is those properties that allow the ball to be compressed and then spring away from the face of the club at a high velocity. Although there is no scientific proof of what exactly happens at the point of impact, through the use of physics, several educated guesses can be made. Momentum is conserved: Since the club head is at the end of a somewhat flexible shaft, one may, to a fair degree of approximation, assume that the club head in its horizontal motion at the bottom of the swing acts as a free body. Therefore, the horizontal momentum of the club head before the collision must be the same as the sum of the horizontal momentum of the club head and the ball after the collision. It is important to note that the vertical momentum is not conserved because the arms and shoulders pull up with a force on the club head. The collision is inelastic: By simply holding a golf ball and feeling how firm it is, one can easily see that is not perfectly elastic. Therefore, some mechanical energy must be lost. Newton was the first to experiment with this property of collisions. He found that the ratio of the speed with which the ball leaves the floor to that with which the ball approaches the floor to be practically a constant over a large range of speeds. The constant is called the coefficient of restitution. For a perfectly elastic ball the coefficient is one. For a ball that does not rebound at all, the coefficient would be zero. This also applies to collisions that happen at an angle such as with the face of the golf club and the ball. The ball slides and rolls on the clubface: Consider this example as an explanation for how a golf ball generates its spin from the uneven surface of the face of a golf club. As anyone who has thrown a bowling ball will attest to, the ball slides down the alley at first. Sin ce there is some amount of friction between the ball and the lane, the ball slows down, which allows the ball to begin rolling. After the ball has traveled some distance it no longer slides and just purely rolls. The same is true for the face of the golf club. As the collision occurs the ball begins to slide toward the top of the face of the club. However, because the friction force between the ball and clubface is so great it quickly begins to spin (roll) off the top of the club. This generates the tremendous amount of spin necessary to keep the ball a loft for drives at or above 230 yards. It is these three factors together that the quantity known as effective loft is derived from. The effective loft of any club is given as EL = L + a(i) B(i) ? Y. L is the loft of the club a(i) and B(i) are angles that are dependant upon each swing and each person performing the swing and Y is the back swing angle of the arm. From effective loft of the club, one can estimate the components of dra g and lift on the golf ball. The following table expresses the variations that are possible during the swing. B(0) B(i) EL + Spin + Lift +B(0) + B(i) + EL Spin Lift Y B(i) + EL Spin Lift Y + B(i) EL + Spin + Lift +TS + B(i) EL + Spin + Lift +Al + B(i) EL + Spin + Lift +As an example, the third line reveals that when the back swing angle of the arms is decreased, the effective loft is decreased, the spin is decreased, and the lift is decreased. As one can see through the material presented above, the golf swing is a multi-stage process. It is not simply the swing, or the transfer of energy, or the flight of the ball that is subject to the laws of physics. The first aspect of the golf stroke, which is based upon physical principals, is the downswing of the golf club. The golfer must do two things in order to have a successful shot. He must first generate enough energy to hit the ball a significant distance. And then he must transfer this energy into the golf club. The energy is derived from the muscles in the golfers body. As was previously stated it takes at least 32lbs of muscle to generate the necessary two horsepower for hitting the golf ball. Most of this energy comes from the legs and back of the individual. Then, the golfer uses his body and arms, along with the shaft of the golf club like a whip. Just as a whip transfers energy from its large mass at the handle down to the tip causing a dramatic acceleration, the golfer transfers the energy through his body into the shaft of the golf club, which flexes. When the golfer snaps his wrist at the point of impact, all of the energy is transferred into the club head allowing it to achieve a velocity of 100mph or even greater. .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 , .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .postImageUrl , .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 , .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:hover , .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:visited , .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:active { border:0!important; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:active , .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3 .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uecf6d85b52c089b5ce0d051bf7d716f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination EssayAt the point of impact, more physical properties take over. As the club comes in contact with the ball, two important factors are most prevalent. First, the ball is semi- elastic and therefore the ball flattens somewhat when it comes in contact with the face of the club. This allows the ball to spring away at a tremendous velocity, which is also based on the principal of conservation of momentum. The other important factor that happens at impact is the generation of spin. At first, the ball begins to slide up the face of the club toward the top, however, because of the large coefficient of friction; the ball stops sliding and begins rolling. This actio n gives the ball a rotation around its horizontal axis, which creates lift and drag. Lift and drag are the final aspects of how physics relates to golf. As the ball spins, it creates lift by disturbing the flow of air around the ball. The dimples help greatly with this. However, drag is also produced, which threatens to pull the ball back toward the earth. It is the job of the golfer and the golf ball manufacturer to generate enough lift either through the swing or the dimpled design of the golf ball so that the upward lifting force counteracts the downward forces of gravity and drag. As anyone who has played a round of golf has observed, the spin created with modern clubs and ball design more then compensates for drag and gravity and allows the ball to stay aloft for a long time. Because of the unique challenges that physics present during a game of golf, it will be a long time before anyone is able to master the game. In an endeavor to improve scores many miracle products have claimed to lower ones score, however it is evident that only those ideas and products, which have a basis in science, have stayed on the market. The golf ball is a prime example of this. It has made dramatic changes from being made of dried goose feathers to the two piece dimpled design of today. All of the improvements on the ball were based around trying to give the golfer and edge in lowering his score and working around some of the laws of physics, which prevent him from reaching perfection. Appendix 4The following terms will be defined based on their relevance to the physics of golf: momentum, moment of inertia, torque, centripetal force, and centrifugal force Momentum:Newtons first law defines a property of a body called inertia, which describes what happens to a body when no force acts on it; the inertia of a body is said to be measured by its mass. When acted upon by a constant unbalanced force, the body will experience acceleration proportional to the mass of the body. The mass of a body is proportional to its weight. Momentum is then defined as the mass of a body multiplied by its velocity. Like velocity, momentum, has a direction as well as magnitude, making it a vector quantity. From the definition of momentum, for constant mass the rate of change of momentum is the product of the mass and its acceleration. Newtons second law suggests that an unbalanced force on a body is associated with its acceleration. For the purpose of this paper, Newtons second law states t hat the mass of a body multiplied by its acceleration is proportional to the force acting on it, and the acceleration is in the direction of the force. The way in which momentum applies to golf is through the transfer of momentum from the golf club to the golf ball. Before the collision, the club head is moving at a speed of 100mph along the horizontal. After the collision, for a club without loft, the ball is moving off at a high velocity, and the club head continues in the follow-through at a somewhat reduced velocity. For a club without loft, these velocities will also be horizontal. The momentum is such that the total momentum before the collision is equal to that of the momentum of the club head after the collision plus the momentum of the ball. Moment of Inertia:The linear acceleration of a body when acted upon by a constant force depends on its mass, which as already stated is quantity proportional to its weight. The larger the mass is, the smaller the acceleration will be for a given force. Similarly, when a constant torque acts on a body, its angular acceleration will depend on the mass of the body and on how the mass is distributed in the body. The combination of mass and its distribution in the body is called its ?moment of inertia?. When the axis of rotation of the body is chosen such that more of the mass is far from the axis, the moment of inertia will be larger. Thus the moment of inertia will depend of the choice of axis. This concept is easily demonstrated with the help of a golf club. When the club is help at the grip end between two fingers and let hang so that the shaft is along a vertical line, it is very easy to rotate the club along a vertical axis. But when the club is held near the center of the shaft, where it balances between the same two fingers, the same torque produces a much smaller angular acceleration. The moments of inertia in the two cases differ by a factor of 10. This same affect can be observed when a club is first waggled about the grip in the usual way and then waggled while holding the head. Torque: Torque is the term used to describe twist in a quantitative manner. Two factors, the amount of force applied and the distance over which it is applied determine torque. The size of the torque is found by multiplying the size of the force by the length of the lever arm, the lever arm being the shortest distance from the line along which the force acts to the axis about which the bod y may rotate. The force must be in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the rotation. Centrifugal Force: This force can be observed when a golf ball is placed on the dashboard of an automobile just inside the windshield and is observed while the vehicle travels around turns. One will notice that the ball will always roll to the outside of the curve and rolls more quickly the tighter the turn. Actually, the ball does not accelerate; it appears to accelerate since there is no centripetal force to make it turn in the same path as the car. Its motion is the result of a lack of centripetal force rather than the result of an outwardly directed force being applied to the ball. Centripetal Force:According to Newtons Second Law, the centripetal force on a body moving in a circle is proportional to the mass of a body multiplied by its centripetal acceleration. The centripetal acceleration increases with the radius of the circle on which it moves and with the square of the angular velocity of the motion. Appendix 1The following curves were drawn based on the information gathered and analyzed with the use of a computer. The curves are calculations for the energies present during a swing. Curve A shows the total kinetic energy as it develops throughout the swing. Curve B shows how the kinetic energy of the arms varies throughout the downswing. Curve C shows how the kinetic energy of the club alone varies throughout the swing. Curve D shows the work done by the golfer as he applies the torque by his arms to the system. (graph taken from source #5)Appendix 2(original drawings but concept from source #5)These drawings illustrate the forces on a golf ball during its flight. The first set of pictures shows how the air moves around the ball during its flight. The first pictures show that when there is some spin, the air pressure around the ball is changed because of the turbulence created by the rotation. The picture below that shows how the air would move if there were no spin. The other two pictures demonstrate how using spin can change the flight of the ball. For example, the top picture is showing that a ball spinning on a vertical axis in a clockwise direction will travel to the right because of the airflow around the ball. The bottom picture on that side is illustrating another example of how air can flow around a ball with no spin. The other two illustrations show a three-dimensional (on the top) and a two-dimensional (on the bottom) view of some of the vectors involved with the flight of a golf ball. The illustrations show the effective loft of the club, the lifting vector as well as the path of the golf club and the angle at which the face points. Appendix 3This is a graph of the five-torques acting on the arms as they vary throughout the downswing. Curve A shows the constant torque TS of the golfer on the system. Curve B shows the torque that depends mainly on the acceleration of the wrist-cock-angle. The torque represented by curve C depends mainly on the square of the velocity of the wrist-cock-angle. Curves D and E show the torques resulting from action of gravity and the golfers weight shift respectively. The torque T shows how the sum of the five-torques on the arms varies during the downswing and becomes very large just prior to the club colliding with the ball. (graph from source #1)Bibliography1. Abrahams, Jonathan (1994). Club Smarts. New York: Lyons Burford. 2. Andrisani, John. (1997). The Tiger Woods Way. New York: Random House. 3. Beard, James (1982). Turf Management for Golf Courses. New York: McMillan. 4. Jones, Trent (1993). Golf By Design. New York: Little, Brown, and company. 5. Kroen, William. (1992). The Why Book Of Golf. California: Price Stern Sloan. Physics

Microsoft From David to Goliath essays

Microsoft From David to Goliath essays The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. From abacus to our modern souped up computer with the Intel Pentium III processor the computer has come an incredibly long way. One of the most significant events that would affect its development would be the teaming up of IBM and Microsoft to create a new operating system for the microcomputer. The synergy of these two corporations would change the way we compute today. The noteriety from this partnership would propell Microsoft into the forefront of sofware design and development and create an industry standard to be followed by all. In July of 1980 IBM, a $30 billion dollar giant in the computing industry, offered Microsoft Corporation, who at the time consisted of a staff 40 (Cashman, 1.37), the opportunity to design a new operating system for their new IBM personal computer. IBM had observed an increased market for the personal computer for quite some time eventhough they had already failed once trying to tap the market with their IBM 5100. IBM had considered several options regarding the development of their new personal computer including buying a little known computer game company named Atari. In the end, IBM decided that they would proceed with their plans to build a new computer line with a new operating system. On August 12th, 1981 IBM introduced a new computer called the IBM PC. The PC was short for personal computer making IBM responsible for the acronym PC (Inventors). Microsoft bought the rights to the another operating system called Q-DOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) from Seattle Computer Products for $50,000 without the company ever knowing that it was for the behemoth IBM (Delany). Bill Gates of Microsoft would talk IBM into allowing his company to retain the rights to market...

Fire investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fire investigation - Essay Example Basic research indicates that preventing ignition fire control process and the separation of individuals from the harmful effects of fire by means of distance, time or shielding forms the three basic directions to ensure life safety, (CUNNY, 2009). Time as a factor in fire situation leads to the building up of smoke and heat thereby creating a hazardous environment and its effect may not be concretely predicted owing to multiple environmental and human variables, (Coleman, 1997). Three sets of conditions define time related effects on a fire situation inclusive of; toxic conditions, elevated environmental temperatures and current or pre-existing psycho-physiological attributes of the premises occupants. It is also imperative to note that the time interval between fire discovery and preventive action by the occupants is critical to the resulting effects. Evacuation of occupants and/or Fire extinguishment and confinement forms are fundamental actions that follow fire detection, (Coleman, 1997). The cause and outcome of a fire is greatly impacted by individual characteristics of those involved as people tend to react differently to similar emergency situations. People’s reaction during fires is affected by individual actions and therefore individual threat perception. Age forms a fundamental individual characteristic that adequately affect reaction to individual conditions as for example, the elderly or very young individuals may be less able to cope with the effects of fire, (CUNNY, 2009). Therefore, comparative to their counterparts of middle ages who are of normal physique, the fatality rate of these two age groups remains grater during fires, (USFA, 2009). Respiratory capacity of individuals may also affect the rate of fatalities in cases of fire hazards. Since majority of fires result into smoke inhalation, individuals with poor respiratory capacity may be unable to